What Is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, the protective covering of nerve fibers, disrupting communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary widely but may include:

• Muscle weakness or stiffness
• Numbness or tingling
• Vision problems (e.g., blurred or double vision)
• Trouble walking or balancing
• Fatigue
• Memory or cognitive issues

Types of MS

1. Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) - Most common form; involves flare-ups followed by

periods of remission.

2. Secondary-Progressive MS (SPMS) - Follows RRMS; symptoms gradually worsen over

time.

3. Primary-Progressive MS (PPMS) - Steady progression of symptoms from the start, without relapses.

4. Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) - A first episode of neurological symptoms; may or may not develop into MS.

Diagnosis and Treatment

• Diagnosis: MRI scans, spinal fluid analysis, and neurological exams.
• Treatment: No cure exists, but medications can:
  • Reduce the frequency and severity of relapses
  • Slow disease progression
  • Manage symptoms